6G-enabled cooperative connected and automated mobility: Are we there yet?

Connected, cooperative, and automated mobility (CCAM) is a key enabler of future intelligent transportation systems, requiring seamless integration of communication, sensing, computing, and automation technologies. This paper surveys the state of the art in CCAM, focusing on key use cases and performance indicators, enabling technologies, system architectures, and standardization and regulatory developments relevant to large-scale deployment. Particular attention is given to cooperative perception, collective awareness, artificial intelligence and machine learning as fundamental building blocks of future CCAM ecosystems. The paper further identifies major research challenges related to scalability, interoperability, and real-time operation in highly dynamic mobile environments. Finally, it outlines future research directions toward achieving large-scale, safe, and resilient CCAM systems supported by next-generation communication networks.